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4 ob<\/span>iective necesare \u0219i suficiente pentru o via\u021b\u0103 \u00eemplinit\u0103 \u0219i fericit\u0103 <\/strong><\/h4>\n\n

Dharma, Artha, Kama & Moksha<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n

\u00cen tradi\u021bia hindus\u0103 exist\u0103 conceptul de Purusharthas care contureaz\u0103 \u201epatru \u021beluri \u0219i n\u0103zuin\u021be ale fiin\u021bei umane primordiale\u201d, sau patru obiective necesare \u0219i suficiente pentru o via\u021b\u0103 \u00eemplinit\u0103 \u0219i fericit\u0103. Acestea sunt Dharma (corectitudine, valori etice), Artha (prosperitate, valori economice), Kama (pl\u0103cere, dragoste, valori psihologice) \u0219i Moksha (eliberare, valori spirituale). Dharma \u2013 semnific\u0103 comportamente care sunt considerate a fi \u00een acord cu \u201erta\u201d, ordinea care face posibil\u0103 via\u021ba \u0219i universul, \u0219i include \u00eendatoriri, drepturi, legi, conduit\u0103, virtu\u021bi \u0219i mod corect de via\u021b\u0103. Dharma este aceea pe care toate fiin\u021bele existente trebuie s\u0103 o accepte \u0219i s\u0103 o respecte pentru a sus\u021bine armonia \u0219i ordinea \u00een lume. Include \u0219i urm\u0103rirea \u0219i execu\u021bia propriei chem\u0103ri, voca\u021bii, juc\u00e2nd astfel rolul potrivit \u00een concertul cosmic. Un alt mod de a formula Dharma este \u201eun mod corect de a g\u00e2ndi, un mod corect de a sim\u021bi, un mod corect de a ac\u021biona, un mod corect de a-\u021bi c\u00e2\u0219tiga existen\u021ba.\u201d Pentru a \u0219ti ce este corect \u0219i ce incorect se cere \u00een\u021belegerea legilor divine, prin studiul naturii \u0219i al textelor sacre \u0219i urm\u0103rirea vocii con\u0219tiin\u021bei din inima ta, care poate valida sau infirma o anumit\u0103 decizie.<\/p>\n\n

Artha \u2013 semnific\u0103 \u201emijloacele de via\u021b\u0103\u201d, activit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i resurse care permit cuiva s\u0103 fie \u00eentr-o stare \u00een care dore\u0219te s\u0103 fie. Artha \u00eencorporeaz\u0103 bel\u0219ugul, cariera, activitatea pentru a-\u0219i c\u00e2\u0219tiga existen\u021ba, securitatea financiar\u0103 \u0219i prosperitatea economic\u0103.<\/p>\n\n

Kama \u2013 semnific\u0103 dorin\u021ba, pasiunea, emo\u021biile, pl\u0103cerea sim\u021burilor, bucuria estetic\u0103 a vie\u021bii, sentimentele sau iubirea, cu sau f\u0103r\u0103 conota\u021bii sexuale.<\/p>\n\n

Moksha \u2013 \u00eenseamn\u0103 emancipare, eliberare sau renun\u021bare. \u00cen unele \u0219coli ale hinduismului, prin moksha se \u00een\u021belege eliberarea de sa\u1e43s\u0101ra, ciclul mor\u021bii \u0219i rena\u0219terii. \u00cen alte \u0219coli moksha \u00eenseamn\u0103 libertate, autocunoa\u0219tere, auto-realizare \u0219i eliberare \u00een aceast\u0103 via\u021b\u0103. Cele dou\u0103 interpret\u0103ri nu se contrazic, ci merg m\u00e2n\u0103-n m\u00e2n\u0103.<\/p>\n\n

 <\/p>\n\n

Care dintre cele 4 \u021beluri trebuie s\u0103 primeze?<\/p>\n\n

Literatura indian\u0103 antic\u0103 subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 dharma este pe primul loc. Dac\u0103 dharma este ignorat\u0103, artha \u0219i kama - profit \u0219i, respectiv, pl\u0103cere - duc la haos social. Artha este mai important\u0103 \u0219i ar trebui s\u0103 precead\u0103 kama, \u00een timp ce dharma este mai important\u0103 \u0219i ar trebui s\u0103 precead\u0103 at\u00e2t kama, c\u00e2t \u0219i artha. Arthashastra a lui Kautiliya sus\u021bine \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 artha este funda\u021bia celorlalte dou\u0103. F\u0103r\u0103 prosperitate \u0219i siguran\u021b\u0103 \u00een societate sau la nivel individual, at\u00e2t via\u021ba moral\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i senzualitatea devin dificile. S\u0103r\u0103cia genereaz\u0103 viciu \u0219i ur\u0103, \u00een timp ce prosperitatea genereaz\u0103 virtu\u021bi \u0219i dragoste, a sugerat Kautiliya. Acela\u0219i autor adaug\u0103 c\u0103 toate trei sunt conectate reciproc \u0219i nu ar trebui s\u0103 \u00eencetezi s\u0103 te bucuri de via\u021b\u0103, nici de comportamentul virtuos, nici de c\u0103utarea bog\u0103\u021biei. Urm\u0103rirea excesiv\u0103 a oric\u0103rui aspect al vie\u021bii, cu respingerea complet\u0103 a altor dou\u0103, d\u0103uneaz\u0103 tuturor trei, inclusiv celui urm\u0103rit \u00een mod excesiv. Moksha este considerat \u00een hinduism parama-puru\u1e63\u0101rtha sau scopul final al vie\u021bii umane.<\/p>\n\n

 <\/p>\n\n

Tensiunea dintre cele patru obiective ale vie\u021bii<\/p>\n\n

Savan\u021bii indieni au recunoscut \u0219i au dezb\u0103tut tensiunea inerent\u0103 dintre renun\u021bare \u0219i Moksha, pe de o parte, \u0219i urm\u0103rirea activ\u0103 a lui Kama \u0219i Artha, pe de alt\u0103 parte. Acest lucru a condus la conceptele de Pravritti \u0219i Nivritti, primul \u00eensemn\u00e2nd \u201ea d\u0103rui sau a te dedica unei ac\u021biuni exterioare\u201d, \u00een timp ce al doilea \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201ea te retrage din ac\u021biunea exterioar\u0103 \u0219i a te reculege\u201d pentru a te concentra pe propria eliberare. Artha \u0219i Kama sunt Pravrtti, \u00een timp ce Moksha este Nivrtti. Ambele sunt considerate importante \u00een hinduism. Savan\u021bii indieni au oferit o rezolu\u021bie creativ\u0103 a tensiunii dintre via\u021ba plin\u0103 de \u201eac\u021biune\u201d \u0219i via\u021ba condus\u0103 de \u201erenun\u021bare\u201d, suger\u00e2nd c\u0103 ceea ce este mai bun din ambele lumi poate fi ob\u021binut dedic\u00e2ndu-te \u201eac\u021biunii cu renun\u021bare\u201d, adic\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd \u201eac\u021biunea este f\u0103r\u0103 ata\u0219ament sau urm\u0103rire pasional\u0103 a rezultatelor\u201d. Ac\u021biunea trebuie angajat\u0103 pentru c\u0103 este Dharma, adic\u0103 este bun\u0103, virtuoas\u0103, corect\u0103, o datorie \u0219i o activitate moral\u0103, \u0219i nu din cauza obsesiei cuiva de a ob\u021bine rezultate sau recompense materiale f\u0103r\u0103 nicio considera\u021bie pentru Dharma. Aceast\u0103 idee de \u201eac\u021biune f\u0103r\u0103 ambi\u021bie, condus\u0103 de dharma\u201d a fost numit\u0103 Nishkam Karma \u00een Bhagavad Gita. Alte texte indiene sus\u021bin acela\u0219i r\u0103spuns la tensiunea dintre \u201ea urm\u0103ri bog\u0103\u021bia \u0219i iubirea\u201d versus \u201ea renun\u021ba la tot\u201d, dar folosind cuvinte diferite. Isa Upanishad, de exemplu, afirm\u0103 \u201eac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u0219i bucur\u0103-te cu renun\u021bare, nu r\u00e2vni\u201d.<\/p>\n\n

\u00cen general se observ\u0103 c\u0103 individul acord\u0103 prioritate unui anumit \u021bel \u00een func\u021bie de v\u00e2rsta la care se afl\u0103.<\/p>\n\n

Cu excep\u021bia cunoscut\u0103 a Kamasutrei, majoritatea textelor nu fac nicio recomandare cu privire la preferin\u021ba relativ\u0103 pentru Artha, Kama sau Dharma; c\u0103 un individ ar trebui s\u0103 pun\u0103 accent pe un anumit \u021bel \u00eentr-un anumit stadiu al vie\u021bii. \u201eDurata de via\u021b\u0103 a unui om este de o sut\u0103 de ani. \u00cemp\u0103r\u021bind acest timp, el ar trebui s\u0103 urm\u0103reasc\u0103 cele 4 scopuri ale vie\u021bii \u00een a\u0219a fel \u00eenc\u00e2t ele s\u0103 se sus\u021bin\u0103, mai degrab\u0103 dec\u00e2t s\u0103 se \u00eempiedice reciproc. \u00cen tinere\u021be, el ar trebui s\u0103 se \u00eendrepte c\u0103tre scopuri profitabile (artha), cum ar fi \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea, mai t\u00e2rziu c\u0103tre kama, iar la b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021be c\u0103tre dharma \u0219i moksha.\u201d \u2014\u2009Kamasutra 1.2.1\u20131.2.4, tradus de Patrick Olivelle<\/p>\n\n

Pentru detalii \u0219i bibliografie accesa\u021bi https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Photo by Florian Burcea<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen tradi\u021bia hindus\u0103 exist\u0103 conceptul de Purusharthas care contureaz\u0103 \u201epatru \u021beluri \u0219i n\u0103zuin\u021be ale fiin\u021bei umane primordiale\u201d, sau patru obiective necesare \u0219i suficiente pentru o via\u021b\u0103 \u00eemplinit\u0103 \u0219i fericit\u0103.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2381,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,31,68],"tags":[60,64,62,42,59,63,61,65,66,67],"class_list":["post-2379","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dezvoltare-personala","category-dezvoltare-spirituala","category-hinduism","tag-artha","tag-bhagavad-gita","tag-dharma","tag-fericire","tag-kama","tag-kamasutra","tag-moksha","tag-nishkam","tag-pravritti","tag-purusharthas"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dezvoltarepersonalasispirituala.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/1000px.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dezvoltarepersonalasispirituala.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2379","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dezvoltarepersonalasispirituala.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dezvoltarepersonalasispirituala.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dezvoltarepersonalasispirituala.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dezvoltarepersonalasispirituala.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2379"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/dezvoltarepersonalasispirituala.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2379\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2531,"href":"https:\/\/dezvoltarepersonalasispirituala.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2379\/revisions\/2531"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dezvoltarepersonalasispirituala.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2381"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dezvoltarepersonalasispirituala.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2379"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dezvoltarepersonalasispirituala.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2379"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dezvoltarepersonalasispirituala.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2379"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}